Author(s) :

Sansan Lu.

Volume/Issue :

Abstract :

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and their associated Cas proteins form the CRISPR–Cas system, one of the most prominent genome-editing technologies to date. Originally discovered as an immune system in bacteria against viral infection, the system has since been adapted into a precise genome-editing tool. CRISPR-Cas technology has reshaped modern biology and medicine, with applications spanning basic research, agriculture, and clinical medicine. Promising outcomes include the correction of genetic disorders and the engineering of immune cells for cancer therapy. This review outlines the fundamental mechanisms of CRISPR-Cas technology, traces key milestones in its development, and highlights recent advances in the field. Emerging clinical applications and ongoing trials are also discussed, along with ethical considerations and the importance of appropriate regulatory oversight.