Author(s) :

Ahil Thendral.

Volume/Issue :

Abstract :

Sleep plays a critical role in physical and mental health, yet many studies show that women report poorer sleep quality and more sleep-related health problems than men across the lifespan. Although existing research has explored biological and hormonal factors affecting sleep, there is limited understanding of how social roles, structural inequalities, and intersecting identities contribute to gendered sleep disparities over time. Studies also rarely include transgender and nonbinary individuals, despite likely risks. Sixteen peer-reviewed studies published between 1999 and 2024 were identified using academic databases including PubMed and Google Scholar. Sources were identified using academic databases including PubMed and Google Scholar. Given the diversity of methods and populations studied, a narrative approach was adopted to integrate findings across disciplines and life stages. The review examined both biological and social influences on sleep across five key life stages: childhood, adolescence, reproductive years, midlife, and older adulthood. Findings showed that women face unique sleep challenges at each stage of life, shaped by hormonal changes, caregiving demands, social expectations, and socioeconomic pressures. These sleep difficulties often begin early and build up over time, with greater risk for women from marginalized groups, including women of color, low income women, and those with caregiving responsibilities. Sleep disparities are not only biological but also deeply social. An intersectional, life course approach is needed to understand and address gendered sleep inequalities. More inclusive research is required to ensure sleep health strategies meet the needs of all genders, particularly those most at risk of being overlooked.