Author(s) :

Coral Bhattacharjee.

Volume/Issue :

Abstract :

Mental health challenges among astronauts have become a critical concern as space agencies prepare for longer missions to the Moon and Mars. Although spaceflight technology has advanced to support physical survival in microgravity, the psychological effects of isolation, confinement, and sensory deprivation remain major obstacles to human performance and mission success. This paper reviews published literature on mental health decline during extended space missions, focusing on environmental, physiological, and interpersonal factors. Drawing on NASA behavioral health reports, analog environment studies, and literature on cortisol as a stress biomarker, this review synthesizes evidence linking chronic physiological stress with emotional and cognitive deterioration. The reviewed literature suggests that astronauts may experience elevated cortisol levels, poor sleep quality, and increased mood disturbances over time. Elevated cortisol and sleep disruption are frequently discussed alongside reports of anxiety, irritability, and emotional detachment, particularly during the midpoint and later stages of missions. Disrupted circadian rhythms, sensory monotony, and interpersonal conflict emerge as major contributors to psychological strain. The literature also highlights important research gaps, including small sample sizes, reliance on self-reported data, and insufficient study durations to accurately model deep-space missions. The synthesized evidence indicates that current countermeasures, including structured communication and relaxation protocols, may be insufficient for maintaining mental health during multi-year expeditions. Potential future interventions include improved environmental design, real-time biomarker monitoring, expanded use of virtual reality therapy, and enhanced psychosocial training. Protecting astronaut mental wellbeing is therefore essential not only for individual health but also for safe and successful long-duration space exploration.